The Vasoproliferative Phase in the Oxygen-Induced Rat Model of Retinopathy of Prematurity Exhibits Concomitant Increased Expression of VEGF164 and Phosphorylation of eNOS at Serine1179

The nitric oxide pathway requires phosphorylation of eNOS to liberate NO. We correlated mRNA/protein levels of VEGF164, and phosphorylated Serine1179 of eNOS during ROP vasoproliferation. Animals were exposed to oxygen (50/10% every 24-hours) for 14 post-natal (PN)days. Pups were continuously exposed to 20.9% ambient oxygen from PN15 and enucleated on PN days 15, 18, and 20. ADPase stained retinas were analyzed for degree of a vascularity/total retina area. Western-blotting quantified the phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1179, the ratio of total eNOS to ERK2. Immuno reactivity of VEGF and of eNOS serine1177 determined tissue protein expression. 

Proximal IM nailing of unstable trochanteric fractures: minimally invasive reduction aids - a review

Proximal femoral nailing is indicated for unstable trochanteric fractures (AO 31-A2, A3) such as fractures with a large posteromedial fragment, with three or four fragments, reverse oblique fractures, and those with sub trochanteric extension. The advantages of nailing are ease and speed of application together with minimal exposure and better biomechanical properties. 

Instability is the likelihood of difficulties in achieving accurate fracture reduction and of loss of reduction after fixation. As bone fragility, i.e., osteoporosis, and fracture instability facilitate fixation failure, unstable trochanteric fractures should undergo anatomical reduction & proximal femoral nailing with a femoral neck-head sliding component to produce a bone-implant construct stable enough to provide for early painless full weight-bearing.